Son of Boom

On the cusp of Southern Nevada’s economy returning to form – i.e. the Recovery Index is almost back to its 2005 level, it might be a good idea to examine the economy we’ve built over the past 10 years. The “Son of Vegas Boom” is a different cat than the “Vegas Boom”, and there are pros and cons to what we have become.

The recovery index above tells the tale. It shows numerous measures of the local economy, comparing their year-over-year performance. These indices compare current performance to an arbitrary date in the past, in this case January 2005. You can read the current level as a percent of the level in 2005.

On the positive side, we see Gaming Revenue, Employment, Taxable Sales and LA Port Traffic are all better than they were a decade ago (though not by much). Commercial Occupancy and Visitor Volume are nearly there. The takeaway – Southern Nevada’s gaming business is doing well. People are back to work and locals and visitors are spending money.

Two measures are well below where they were a decade ago – New Home Sales and, the driver of the home sales, In-Migration. In-Migration here is actually the out-of-state drivers licenses turned in at the local DMV. It suggests that Southern Nevada is no longer growing at the rate we used to. This population explosion was a key driver of the construction sector in Southern Nevada, one of the two pillars (with gaming) of the old economy.

Electric meter hook-ups tell a similar story of slower growth, and construction jobs, while they have in recent months shown improvement, remain well below boom levels.
This leads us to the two problems with the new economy. First and foremost, our eggs are truly all in one basket now – hospitality. We also can no longer rely on population growth to get us out of national (or global recessions). In the good old days, hundreds of new incomes coming to the valley every month created a buffer for Southern Nevada in times of recession – that buffer is effectively gone.

That means that when the next recession hits – likely within the next one to three years – Southern Nevada can expect to experience it in much the same way as the rest of the country (or planet). Keep this in mind as you advise clients in terms of expected return on investment properties, assuming they plan to hold them for fewer than four or five years, and on tenant renewals.

Bucking the Trend

A new year has dawned, following a year of uneven progress for the real estate market. The industrial market had its best year in five, retail kept its head above water and tallied up its third year of positive net absorption, and office managed a decent year all the while looking about as appealing as Mylie Cyrus with a foam finger.

The underlying economic fundamentals of 2013 were uneven as well, but positive overall. I’ve already written about the trend in Southern Nevada's Napoleonic economic cycle of attack in the summer and retreat in the winter (yes, I hate myself a little for that Napoleon bit, but my father paid for a history degree so I need to use it), so now we need to see if that trend is holding.

Economic data never arrives as quickly as we would like it (“we” being people who have to think and write about economics - I'm sure the compilers of economic data think it comes plenty fast enough), but the numbers for November 2013 are finally filing in to be counted and analyzed. If the trend we discussed last time holds, we should see the CRE Recovery Index leveling off or dropping off in November.

And now for the good news –

November’s index number was actually up! In November, the index reached 95. This is the highest number we’ve seen on the index since December 2008, and that was when the index was plunging (it would be 93 the next month, and 86 six months later). In general, 2013 saw the index take a small step back in February, level off for a few months, and then begin to grow in June, with that growth continuing through the summer, fall and winter. December numbers are not all in yet, but when we look at the numbers that are in, and if we assume those that aren’t in at least stay stable, the index number for December 2013 should remain at 95.

What does this mean? It means that 2013, at least the latter half of 2013, was a pretty solid year. It’s no surprise that it was a year that generated pretty strong performance in the real estate market. We might be seeing the winter lag coming in December and maybe January, but if the region is able to build in 2014 on its reasonably good performance in 2013, we should see continued recovery in the real estate market through 2014. Based on last year’s performance, the trajectory of the retail market is the one to watch. Retail went negative at the end of 2013 after three years of positive net absorption, and this negative turn is taking place just as speculative construction is returning to the retail market. Whether those new projects will stimulate or cannibalize the existing market will be very interesting!

Cycles

If we had been waiting for the “year of recovery”, the year local economy was finally going to turn around, 2013 is probably it (and I mean that the way it sounds – yeah, 2013 is probably about the best we can hope for). The year has been bery bery good to commercial real estate, and the wider economy has seen some improvement, though not nearly as much as we would like.

Looking at 2012, we saw a year with faster improvement in the first two-thirds of the year, and then a slow-down and fall that lasted into 2013, essentially erasing all of the year’s earlier gains. When things began turning around in 2013, the question was – will it last?

Now, economies work in cycles (and cycles within cycles, and cycles next two cycles that sometimes correspond, which in itself is another cycle), and cycles don’t necessarily work within the parameters of human defined time. After all, some day had be chosen as the first day of recorded time, and that choice was ultimately arbitrary. If you peruse the accompanying graph, you can see a pretty fair example of these cycles in the CRE Recovery Index (which I’ve now extended back to 1995). From 2002 to 2007, you can see the index peaking in October of each year, and then retreating from November to March or April, before rising yet again.

Even during the crash years from 2008 to 2010 you can see small peaks each October, though obviously during those years growth in the index never lasted for more than two or three months, followed by very sharp declines.

By 2010, the normal cycle had once again reasserted itself. Growth in the index was not as smooth and stable, but did generally follow the pattern outlined above, though with weaker growth and sharper declines than during those halcyon days of old.

What does this mean for 2014? Well, if the pattern holds, it is likely we will see the index begin to retreat in November or December. This retreat will last through the first quarter of 2014. In 2012, the measures that caused the index to tumble were Visitor Volume, New Residents and Los Angeles Port Traffic. In 2011, it was Visitor Volume and Los Angeles Port Traffic. In 2010, it was New Home Sales, Visitor Volume and Los Angeles Port Traffic. Do you see the pattern?

We can assume that Visitor Volume and LA Port Traffic are going to begin to fall in the very near future. At the moment, they remain strong. Their retreat is cyclical, and thus normal and nothing to fear. If they perform better than expected, then so much the better.

The questions we need to grapple with, then, are as follows: 1) Will there be other measures of the local economy that will suffer during the inter-year lag months? 2) Were the growth months in 2013 strong enough to keep us on a better footing after those months of retreat.

My guess is that we will not see any other measures of the economy enter into retreat along with Visitor Volume and Port Traffic, and thus when the Spring thaw reaches us in 2014, we will find ourselves in a stronger position than we had been in 2013, and well on our way towards what we might term a “complete recovery”. I think I see the light at the end of the tunnel.

What Exactly Do We Mean By Recovery?

Declaring that an economy has recovered, at least in the context of the latest recession (you might have read about it – it was in all the blogs), is a tricky undertaking. Are we counting “recovery” as a return to the economy at the peak of the bubble, at where it was before the bubble began, or at some guess at where it would have been without the bubble?

Aside from the timing, what are we waiting for to recover? If it was just a matter of visitor volume, Las Vegas finished its recovery last year. Since I'm a commercial real estate researcher working for a commercial real estate firm (Colliers International, to be precise), do I need commercial real estate to fully recover before I declare the local economy recovered?

For the purpose of this article, I offer two definitions of recovery. A recovery will:

• Bring the local economy back to a point before the beginning of the bubble (circa 2005)

• Use an index of the following measures of the local economy – New Home Sales, Commercial Occupancy, Gaming Revenue, Visitor Volume, New Residents, Employment, Taxable Sales, and Port Traffic in Los Angeles (this is the Recovery Index I have been using since 2009)

Using these definitions, Southern Nevada’s economy had an index value of 100 in January 2005. The index reached a peak of 109 in October 2006 and a trough of 83 in April 2010.

At this trough, Southern Nevada's economy reached an index value it hadn't seen since its last recession in 2001/2002 - essentially erasing 8 years of economic growth. It is entirely possible that the growth we might have seen during that period, had there been no economic surge, is gone forever. One could argue that, sans the surge, the economy would have an index value of 110 now, an index value we're about 5 years away from reaching at the current rate of growth, which isn't negligible.

If we look at index growth in 5 year periods, we see the following:

1996-2000 = 26.2% (5.2% average annual growth)
2001-2005 = 19.4% (3.9% average annual growth)
2006-2010 = -17.5% (-3.5% average annual growth)
2011-2013 = 9.4% (3.1% average annual growth)

Current index growth is about 80% of what it was in 2001-2005, and 60% of what it was in 1996-2000. Growth in the last three years is about at 90% of the negative growth experienced in the "plague years" of 2006-2010. If we wanted to erase the effects of the Great Recession, we would need to more than double current rates of growth, a situation unlikely without an explosion in construction activity in Southern Nevada.

Where is Southern Nevada today in terms of getting back to where it was in 2005, what one might call a "do-over recovery"?

In September 2013, Southern Nevada’s economy has an index value of 94, so not recovered yet, but not so far off. In 2012, the index value started at 89, increased to 93 by November 2012, and then it started to fall. From February 2013 to May 2013, the index value stuck at 91. Growth began in June and has continued since. If economic growth in the next few years matches the growth pattern of 2012/2013, Southern Nevada’ s economy should finish recovering by October of 2016!

Could the recovery move more quickly? Naturally. The economy was stronger in 2011 than it was in 2012 and has been in 2013, so it is certainly possible for the economy to recover at a faster pace. If we were to assume economic recovery on pace with 2011, Southern Nevada would have finished its recovery in July 2015 – better, but nothing to crow about.

Given the two possible rates of recovery described above, it seems reasonable to assume that Southern Nevada’s economy, and specifically its commercial real estate market, have at least two or three more years to go before they can be said to have recovered to a pre-recession level. Simply put, Southern Nevada is not currently making up the ground it lost during the Great Recession.

Once Bitten, Twice Shy

After surviving an impressive housing bubble that burst just 5 years ago, many Las Vegans are eying the current housing recovery with a suspicion. The sales figures look good, but with prices increasing by 20% or more year-to-date, are we just entering a new housing bubble?

First, let’s examine the market of yesterday and the market of today. In the period 2005 to 2007, Las Vegas saw an average of 2,625 new homes sell per month, while the median price of a new home increased 5.8 percent over that period. In the past twelve months, new home sales have averaged 573 per month, and the median price of a new home as increased by 11.5 percent. So, obviously, even if a bubble is forming now, there is a magnitude of difference in scale between what was occurring then and what is occurring now.

The activity of investors is often pointed to as another similarity between then and now, but this is not quite so. The investors that caused heartache a few years ago were often over-leveraging themselves to buy homes that they thought they could re-sell at a tidy profit in just a few months. Unfortunately, they discovered that the amazing price increases they were seeing were all due to the activity of other investors, and even with very low interest rates and the willingness of traditional home buyers (or lack of knowledge) to borrow far more than they could afford, the investors priced the occupiers of homes out of the market, found they could not keep up their mortgage payments, and the market collapsed. Home builders, working feverishly to keep up with the perceived demand, built many more houses than were needed, and thus the housing crisis and the Great Recession.

How are things different today? The investors of today are not the investors of yesterday. Having spoken to people within the housing industry in Southern Nevada, I have found that the individual investors of today are coming in with plenty of cash and are not over-leveraging themselves to buy investment homes. Moreover, many of the investment sales we are seeing in Southern Nevada today are by institutional investors, buying hundreds of units, often directly from banks.

How are things the same? When housing sales are driven by investors, they leave a gap in the market. From the perspective of home builders, a house sold is a house that is off the market. In fact, though, an empty house is still effectively on the market. When tracking commercial real estate, vacancy is the thing that matters! An investment property must eventually pay for itself, either by means of rent paid by an occupant, or by the value of the property appreciating past the value of the loan taken out to buy the property in the first place. The last bubble was driven by such appreciation of value, not by renters occupying houses, but the appreciation could not keep pace with the prices being paid for houses.

More importantly, when home builders saw houses selling a few years back, they took it as a sign that more houses were needed. Home builders today are gearing up to begin building houses in earnest once again in 2014. The question is whether they are building for investors or for occupants? Unfortunately, the vacancy rate for single-family homes is notoriously hard to determine, with different groups (the U.S. Census Bureau being one) coming up with wildly different numbers. This is unfortunate, because it would fill a crucial gap in our knowledge of the home market.

One clue to whether Southern Nevada is once again getting ahead of itself might be found by comparing household growth in Clark County (based on information from the Clark County Demographer and Claritas) to new home sales (based on information from Dennis Smith’s Home Builders Research). Demographic data from Claritas states that 42.9 percent of households in Clark County rent homes or apartments rather than own single family homes or condos, so we’ll adjust the household growth figures by 43 percent to get a better idea of how many buyers were entering Clark County each year.

What does this graph tell us? First and foremost, in-migration into Southern Nevada dropped sharply in 2008, 2009 and 2011, but has generally been on the rebound in the past two years. Second, we see that new home sales decreased substantially in 2007, at the beginning of the housing crisis, and continued to plummet in 2008 and 2009; in 2012 they began a slow recovery.

In 2005 and 2006, Southern Nevada was selling approximately three times as many new homes as it was adding new households that were likely to own homes. This suggests that most of these new homes were purchased by investors rather than occupants. The percentage declined in 2007, reaching what would be the lowest percentage in the nine years covered by this chart. In 2008, the first full year of the Great Recession, almost five times as many new homes were sold as new households moved into Southern Nevada, despite a steep decrease in the number of new homes sold. Since 2009, Southern Nevada has gained an average of 1,300 households per year and sold an average of 5,400 new homes per year, again, more than 4 times as many new home sales as new households likely to own rather than rent entering the region.

In 2013, Clark County is projected to expand by 3,200 households and sales, if they remain steady, should reach 7,200 new homes, approximately a 2:1 ratio. While this is not as high a ratio of new home sales to new households as recorded in 2005, 2006 and 2008, it is higher than in 2007 (when the market began to cool), 2010 (when the federal government juiced the housing market) and 2012. This suggests that investors once again are beginning to dominate the housing market. Fortunately, they are buying new homes at lower prices (28 percent lower) than they were in 2005, but the median price of a new home has increased by 13 percent in the past five months. While this is good for house flippers (though we know how that story ends), it is bad for owner/users and problematic for landlords, as they must still compete with multi-family projects and cheaper, existing homes that are on the rental market.

If Southern Nevada’s population was expanding more rapidly, and if the median new home price was expanding much more slowly, I would feel more comfortable about the current expansion in new home sales. As it stands, home builders must be very careful about new home construction in 2014, as they might once again find themselves building more homes than they can sell if investors once again cool on Southern Nevada.

Vegas Enjoys the Spring Thaw

Waaaay back in November of 2012, the Las Vegas economy, which had been in growth mode for a good 10 months, decided to take time off for the holidays. What followed, in terms of the CRE Recovery Index I maintain, was a pretty rapid slide, from an index value of 91 (a value of 100 represents the economy as it was in January 2006 – i.e. the “good old days”) down to 86, roughly the value we had in December 2011 just before the 2012 growth spurt began.

In March, though, the index began to grow again, and in April 2013 it stands at an 89, not far from the 2012 high and well above the low of 80 recorded in March 2010 at the low-point of the recession.

On a year-over-year basis, the following components of the CRE Recovery Index have posted growth, going from the highest growth to the lowest: New Home Sales (76.6 percent growth), Clark County Taxable Sales (5 percent growth), Gaming Revenue (3.1 percent growth), Employment (2.2 percent growth) and Commercial Occupancy (1.8 percent growth). With the exception of new home sales, we’re looking at very moderate growth in the economy. Depending on who you speak to, new home sales are either going to maintain their dynamic growth, or they’re at the end of it, but for now they are definitely driving the CRE Recovery Index higher. If new home sales do slack off in the coming months, it is likely the index will either turn flat or begin to decline once again.

Components of the index that experienced negative growth over the past 12 months were New Residents (negative 12.6 percent growth), Container Traffic in Los Angeles (negative 7.1 percent growth) and Visitor Volume (negative 0.6 percent growth). While a small dip in visitor volume isn’t much to worry about, the much larger dip in residents moving to Clark County is, as a lack of new bodies could disrupt new home sales.

Get It Together, Vegas

Have you ever known somebody who just couldn’t get it together, at least not permanently? They would get their stuff together for a few months, and then slide right back into their old back habits. If you work in Las Vegas commercial real estate, the answer is yes, and the friend is the real estate market.

2012 was a pretty good year for our CRE Recovery Index. There were a couple small dips in the index, but overall, things were looking up. The market did pretty well, as the index is supposed to predict, with office and retail putting up good, though not great, numbers, and industrial lagging behind until the first quarter of 2013, when it showed some surprising life. 2011 was a year of peaks and troughs, with things better at the end than the beginning, but 2012 was a pretty smooth ride in the right direction. And then 2013 showed up.

Just as the market posted its first all-around positive quarter in 5 years, with the industrial, office and retail markets all showing positive net absorption, the index was heading down. December 2012 saw the index fall from 91 to 88, inspired by lower visitor volume and gaming revenue and a less traffic through the port of Los Angeles. This wasn’t too worrisome, though, since tourism numbers can fluctuate and port traffic is, at best, a minor piece of the puzzle for Southern Nevada. January remained at 88; port traffic dropped again, but so did the number of new residents moving into the Valley, new home sales and, once again, visitor volume. These were balanced, though, by higher gaming revenue and taxable sales. February saw another dip in the index, down to 86, where the index stood in January 2012. New home sales were down again, as was gaming revenue, visitor volume, new residents and taxable sales. Is it time to worry?

If the index is accurate, it predicts a slow second quarter for commercial real estate, and perhaps a slow third quarter as well. That doesn’t necessarily means negative net absorption, but just less positive net absorption than we would like. While the office market has had three quarters of positive net absorption, the numbers have been on the decline. Retail has also been positive but weak. Industrial has the benefit of strong build-to-suit activity now, and will probably do well through mid-year. But, in general, the way ahead for commercial real estate could be a little rocky for the next few months.

The Future of Vacancy in Las Vegas

Image by Lasvegaslover, from Wikipedia article

Imagine if you will a car accident on a busy street. The accident is a big one, and it is clear that the street will be blocked for some time. Naturally, drivers on their own would begin searching for alternate routes. Before too long, the side streets would be filled with cars avoiding the accident scene, and though things would be slowed down for a while, eventually they would be back up to speed (or close to it). In time, the accident would be cleared, and life would go on just as it had before.

Imagine, however, if the accident could never be cleared. Cars would simply take to those side streets as the “new normal” and the old street would fall into disuse. What I’m getting at here is the concept of being left behind.

Commercial real estate in Southern Nevada may be going through a similar situation. When the market was overbuilt in the mid-2000’s, vacancy rates skyrocketed. Now, having trudged through 5+ years of recession, the market appears to be returning to some level of normal demand for product. The assumption by some, of course, is that vacancy will now return to where it was before the recession – perhaps slowly, but inevitably.

The truth, however, is that it might not. Buildings that were completed during the boom may, in fact, never be filled with tenants. Location and designs are two reasons, of course, for why these buildings may remain unpopular with potential tenants, but age is now becoming a third. Some of these unlucky buildings are not 5 to 6 years old. Potential tenants of these buildings may begin opting for newer buildings – build-to-suits, of course, but also the new speculative product that is bound to be built over the next 5 years. What happens to these “lost buildings”?

On the one hand, they may find favor with tenants looking for second generation space; in essence, they can fill a temporary niche of virgin second-generation product – old enough to be had at a discount, but not carrying the baggage of former tenants and tenant improvements.

On the other, they may find themselves candidates, in due time, for redevelopment. The market, finding it has no use for so much single-tenant office or light industrial, decides it needs land for the developments that it does need in the future. If the latter is only partially true, we can expect to see a new floor on just how low vacancy rates can go for commercial product. Ultimately, though, we need to investigate whether theory is reality.

During the boom, we discovered vacancy “floors” of approximately 4 percent for industrial product, 8 percent for office and 3 to 3.5 percent for retail. The industrial market now has approximately 3,000,000 square feet of space that has been vacant for 4 to 6 years, corresponding roughly with the final phase of the construction boom and the initial phase of the Great Recession. If we were to assume that this space was so undesirable that it would never be occupied, it would represent about 3 percent of the total industrial inventory, and would thus push that vacancy “floor” from 4 percent to 7 percent.

For office product, about 2.5 million square feet, or approximately 6 percent of office inventory, has been vacant for 4 to 6 years, potentially increasing office’s vacancy floor from 8 to 14 percent. Clearly, office product has a more serious problem than industrial. For retail, the figure is 3 percent, potentially increasing the retail vacancy floor from 3 to 6 percent.

A full break-down of vacant commercial space based on its time-on-market follows:

While this investigation is not as thorough as it would need to be to classify it as fact, it is suggestive that even with normal demand for product Southern Nevada’s commercial market is likely to see elevated vacancy rates for the foreseeable future.

Three Recoveries

Are we in recovery? That’s the question I keep hearing, but there’s a flaw in the premise. When the house of cards fell in 2007, Southern Nevada was hurt in three distinct segments of its economy, and while they are to some degree connected, each is going through its own recovery cycle.

So, when we wonder about the pace of recovery, we need to think about three different recoveries: The gaming/hospitality recovery, the residential real estate recovery and the commercial real estate recovery.

Before we examine those recoveries, though, we need to also examine the concept of “recovery”. When a minor recession hits, it is followed, eventually, by a minor recovery. A minor recovery leaves an economy looking much as it did before the recession. Think of it as recovering from the flu – you aren’t fundamentally changed by the illness when it’s finally over.

An economy that suffers a major recession, however, is often changed in important ways when that recession transitions into recovery. This makes major recoveries a tricky thing to track, as we’re waiting for the facts and figures to “return to normal”. Unfortunately, there is a new normal, and we might not realize we’ve reached it right away, since it’s unlike anything we’ve ever tracked before. Southern Nevada is now recovering from a major recession, so expect change.

Now, we examine the three recoveries of Southern Nevada. First and foremost is the big dog in Southern Nevada – gaming and hospitality. At its depths, visitor volume was 7.8 percent below its height in 2007, while gaming revenue suffered a 23 percent decline. From these figures, we can say that visitor volume went through a minor recession, while gaming revenue suffered a major recession. By the end of 2012, visitor volume was 1.3 percent higher than in 2007, while gaming revenue was still 15.6 percent down.

I think it’s safe to say that visitor volume is recovering, but gaming (can’t we just call it gambling?) revenue, which has shown growth, remains weaker than we would expect given the visitor volume. This is one of those transitions we need to look out for. New Vegas visitors are spending less money, overall, but are also shifting their spending towards food and entertainment (sure things, one might call them) from gaming. Just the same, with growing taxable sales and visitor volume, it’s a pretty safe bet that the “engine of our economy” is recovering.

Residential construction is the segment that put the “major” in our “major recession”. There are now fewer construction workers employed in Southern Nevada than 20 years ago – pretty much says it all. Fortunately, we are seeing some recovery in this segment, with inventories of new and used housing falling and many developers looking forward to starting new developments in the next couple years. Southern Nevada’s population is again on the rise, after a first in 30+ years dip in 2008. There have also been reports of median home prices rising in Southern Nevada. So – housing is in a slow recovery in Southern Nevada, but definitely heading to a new normal. Demographics are changing – extended families, more apartments for young folks who are burdened with paying for their elder’s retirement (I love hearing about those hover chairs that don’t cost the elderly ONE CENT).

Commercial real estate may not be the third pillar of the local economy, but it is related to residential real estate and it’s obviously important to this office. I can happily say that commercial real estate is recovering, slowly perhaps, but is also heading towards a new normal. Expect much higher than usual vacancy rates for the next decade, as thousands of square feet of old space are ignored and new projects are started. Commercial real estate is still a mess, but it’s getting better!

So, three recoveries are needed, and three recoveries are happening. What we're in the process of discovering is how quickly these recoveries are happening, and what we're recovering to.

Gazing in the Crystal Ball for 2013

I'm going to start posting some excerpts from the Q4-2012 reports on this blog, but first decided I'd do a little forecasting with the CRE Recovery Index.

In general, 2012 had a decent close for office and retail, though industrial (and specifically warehouse/distribution) continued to show weakness, and in fact took a step back in 2012. While predictions for economic growth (national) in 2013 vary widely, few economists seem to think 2013 is going to be especially strong - perhaps better than 2012, but not stellar.

The CRE Recovery Index would seem to support that supposition for early 2013, as it hit a three month plateau and then dropped slightly in November. In all, 2012 showed steadier growth than 2011, which was a real roller coaster. A depressed index in late 2012 points to a depressed first half (or at least first quarter) in commercial real estate.

In November, the index components worked out as follows:

New Home Sales: +7 Y-O-Y - new home sales are showing a definite improvement in Southern Nevada, hitting a level we haven't seen since early 2009. They still have a really long way to go, but any positive movement here is welcome.

Commercial Occupancy: +1 Y-O-Y - it took a long time to get this index to move, but strong net absorption numbers in the retail and office markets finally got commercial occupancy to increase by a click in August 2012. These numbers are quarterly, and the fourth quarter saw no movement over the third quarter.

Visitor Volume: +0 Y-O-Y - visitor volume in Southern Nevada, despite being flat in November on a year-over-year basis, was in record territory in 2012.

Gaming Revenue: +1 Y-O-Y - in general, gaming revenue has not been as strong as visitor volume - more people, but less gambling - but it is showing recovery from the depths of the recession.

New Residents: +6 Y-O-Y - this is probably the more important index to watch. Many would hold that construction was the second pillar of Southern Nevada's economy, but they're only partially correct. Migration was the second pillar of our economy, with construction being a very visible component of migration into the Valley. People are once again coming to our balmy shores (okay, we don't have shores, but you know what I mean), and that should go a long way to helping the local economy to recover.

Employment: +1 Y-O-Y - employment has been only marginally better in 2012 than 2011 and 2010. The hospitality sector posted strong job gains in the early part of 2012, but has now settled back down. Government is hiring again (take that whichever way you want), as is the health services sector (though it isn't translating into increased demand for medical office space), while construction and financial services are still the big losers. In terms of local CRE health, new residents is phase one, new jobs is phase two. We're seeing movement in phase one, so we will hopefully see phase two light up in 2013.

Taxable Sales: +5 Y-O-Y - taxable sales is the other big mover for Southern Nevada in 2012. The taxable sales index went from an average of 79 in 2010, to an average of 83 in 2011 to 2012's average of 88. Definite progress, and probably why the retail sector is showing signs of being the first sector to post real, solid recovery in the market.

Port Traffic: -6 Y-O-Y - port traffic in Los Angeles is a minor part of the index, and overall is stronger than it was before the recession.

All in all, look for a slow start to 2013, with retail probably showing the most resilience. The office market did well in late 2012, but employment growth in office sectors is marginal and I frankly don't trust it. Outside of warehouse/distribution, industrial is doing well - it will unfortunately probably do more of the same in early 2013.

Whither Diversification?

Photo by Lasvegaslover, found at Wikipedia

Another meeting of economists and business people in Las Vegas, and another mention of economic diversification, the mirage of our desert home that always seems a bit out of reach. We rely too much on hospitality and tourism, it is said, and if our economy does not diversify, we’ll continue to suffer disproportionately from recessions as we have for the last 5 years. We must diversify.

Of course, this raises a few points.

First and foremost, we’re suffering more than others in this current Great Recession because of our (formerly) huge construction sector. Perhaps too much of our local economy was invested in construction and mortgage financing (though wouldn't that count as diversification? and didn't it exist because there was a demonstrable need for it to exist?), and the loss of 80,000 construction jobs has no doubt put a bit of a hitch in our giddyap. But through most of the city’s history, we’ve entered national recessions late, left them early, and suffered far less than other communities while the recessions lasted. This latest recession simply hit us where we lived.

Second – Diversification is, to some extent, a wild thing not easily raised in captivity. If we haven’t diversified yet, it might be because other than a permissive attitude to booze, gambling and questionable taste in the name of a good time, Southern Nevada has very few natural resources. We have a river close by, but that’s already been dammed. We had wide open spaces up north, but those are already filled with atomic bomb craters and UFO research facilities. What, precisely, does Las Vegas offer to the world that the world is not already aware of? If somebody can find the cure for cancer in caliche or find a way to squeeze power out of the sun without the need for massive government subsidies (sorry kids, it's a profit and loss system and that isn't going to change any time soon) we’re all set, but otherwise we don’t have much to work with.

Third – I know, in the age of the internet, many businesses can operate anywhere, so why not operate in Fabulous Las Vegas? Well, Las Vegas does have a few things to offer the modern web-savvy business – the greatest internet connectivity in the world, a tax structure that favors start-ups and gazelles and the presence of Tony Hsieh come immediately to mind. On the other hand, the density of people living on the coasts suggest that, if a person can live and work absolutely anywhere, they will probably choose San Francisco, Los Angeles or Seattle before they will set up shop in Las Vegas.

Some folks will point out that the reason we don’t get our fair share (there is no such thing, by the way) of tech companies is that we don’t have the greatest education system in the world. Of course, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates didn’t have the most stellar careers in higher education in the world and managed to do pretty well for themselves in the world of tech, but I concede the point. We could invest in churning out highly educated people, of course, but ask Iowa how well that’s worked out for them – wonderful higher education system, and tons of educated Iowans now living and working outside of Iowa. The problem for Las Vegas is that, like agricultural Iowa, it has no need for a highly educated work force right now. We would be faced with the problem of producing the supply to attract the demand, and the supply (educated human beings) couldn’t very well wait around for the demand to show up – once they’re out of school, they need a job, and I fear they would find that job elsewhere.

At the heart of the problem, I think, is that Las Vegas, as it exists today, should probably not exist as it does today. Given the resources of the area, Las Vegas should probably be about the size of Bakersfield or Barstow, California – a stop on the road for people heading out to the beach. A weird series of circumstances, including legalized gambling and a number of government construction projects (Hoover Dam, Nellis AFB, the magnesium plants in Henderson during the Second World War, etc.) have conspired to place a remarkable number of people in the middle of the Mojave desert, and this has created the illusion that this city of 2 million people is just another large American city. Of course, this is not the case – we’re a rather strange, large American city, and the economic diversification one finds elsewhere may be tricky to achieve in Las Vegas, at least in the way some folks want to achieve it.

Perhaps the greatest resource of Las Vegas is its laissez-faire attitude. New rules in California governing the adult film industry could send more film makers to Las Vegas. "Great," folks might say, "let's add porn to our resume of sin." But the adult film industry is an industry, and it might have a compelling reason to relocate some production to Las Vegas. Jobs are jobs, right?

Likewise, we’re seeing more and more holding companies springing up in Las Vegas, since people want to own California businesses, but they don’t want to own California businesses in California because of the heavy tax burden in that state.

Medical tourism seems to be a possibility, since it allows us to play off our strength – serving tourists – and perhaps there are other ways to spin our expertise in hospitality into other industries.

That being said, none of the above are likely to ever rival leisure and hospitality in terms of employment in the Valley, and maybe that’s okay. For all its diversification, Houston is still dominated by the energy industry. Maybe the best plan for Las Vegans is to relax and let nature take its course. Given the resources at our disposal, Las Vegas has beaten all the odds to become the city it is today, and the same human genius (i.e. greed and ambition) that inspired Bugsy Siegel to build a resort in the desert south of Las Vegas may well find a way to diversify its economy in the future without having to resort to the horrors of convening a committee of experts.

Vegas CRE - Doing it Tortoise Style

All the various entities and institutions have their data in for August 2012, and the picture looks a bit flat. The August 2012 Recovery Index stands at 91, the same as in July, but better than in May and June. In general, things are improving, but they aren't improving by leaps and bounds just yet, and certainly there is a rocky road ahead.

Click to enlarge

The chart above shows that the trend is our friend (at the moment). You'll also notice that the previous cycles of sharp increase followed by sharp decrease seems to have ended. The trend is a bit more level now. If there is anything to be distressed about, it is the rate of increase. At the current rate, we're more than a year away from the index hitting 100, our starting point in 2006. If (or when) the country (or globe) slips into a recession in 2013, we can expect this recovery will take even longer.

On a year-over-year basis, we're still in positive (i.e. growth) territory.

Click to enlarge

When we look at the individual measures in the index, on a year-over-year basis, we see the most impressive growth in new home sales. New home sales reached 922 homes in September 2012, compared to 396 new home sales in September 2011. This gives one a warm, fuzzy feeling until you note the 3,217 new home sales (on average) in 2006. Still, new home sales are improving, and that helps us clear the inventory and pave the way for new construction (and construction jobs) in the future.

The index is also growing on a year-over-year basis in Commercial Occupancy, Gaming Revenue, New Residents, Employment and Port Traffic in Los Angeles. The only slide was seen in Visitor Volume.

Given this improvement in the third quarter of 2012, one can expect to see continued improvement in Southern Nevada's commercial real estate market into the first half of 2013 - slow and unsteady progress, but progress nonetheless.


JMS

It's the Population, Stupid!

Integral to understanding where the local CRE market is heading is understanding what brought it to its current lowly condition. This isn't too tricky really - the obvious answer is the bursting of the housing bubble. Housing went away, took 70,000 + construction jobs with it, and here we sit.

Does that mean the current residential construction is what's holding us back? Well, probably. Gaming has shown some signs of recovery over the past year and half, including expanded employment, but gaming does not appear to be acting as the catalyst for full-scale recovery.

Construction alone, though, is not what Southern Nevada needs. Home sales, like every other "retail" sector have to follow demand, and Southern Nevada currently has enough supply to meet that demand (though this may not be the case in another year or two). What was driving the Southern Nevada economy before the crash is what we are really lacking after the crash ... Population Growth!

You can see from the above table that Nevada's population (most of which is in Clark County) grew steadily since the 1970s - and probably before the 1970s. But around 2009, the unthinkable happens - the population actually drops. Probably not for the first time ever, but for the first time in almost 40 years, Southern Nevada ceases having a steady stream of new residents (net) to buy new homes or rent apartments and go to the stores to buy all the things involved in setting up house, not to mention eating out, shopping for clothes, etc.

Steady population gains, as much as, or quite possibly, more so than gaming, was the engine driving the economy in these parts. Naturally, gaming played its part in providing a source of employment for new-comers, and in-migration itself created the inducement of employment for more folks to put down roots (often very temporary roots) in Las Vegas - though this, of course, proved a double-edged sword.

Where does that leave Southern Nevada now?

As of 2011, the population has leveled, but is still not rising. That's bad news. Possible good news, though, is that in-migration, at least in terms of out-of-state driver's licenses being turned in at the DMV, is showing some signs of recovery from the lows hit in early 2010.

Much of this migration is probably in the form of retirees, since the job market here is still pretty weak (though the Valley is probably suffering from a lack of suitable applicants for many of the available jobs, so some of our new citizens may well have come here to take skilled or professional jobs). Retirees are a welcome sight in Southern Nevada, as they were a key component to growth in the good old days, and will likely be a key component of growth again. Retirees come with their own built-in income, and that income stimulates job growth, especially in the retail and health sectors. Along with the renewed gains in gaming (slow going, though, and remember to watch gaming revenue and taxable sales more than visitor volume), the renewal of migration to Southern Nevada may prove to be what the region needs to begin a serious recovery, especially in terms of commercial real estate.

Top 100 Retailers for 2012

NRF Stores has compiled a list of the Top 100 retailers in 2012. You can see the full list here, but here's a quick recap of the top 10:

1. Wal-Mart
2. Kroger
3. Target
4. Walgreen
5. Costco
6. Home Depot
7. CVS Caremark
8. Lowe's
9. Best Buy
10. Safeway

Of note, I think, is Amazon's position of #15. One might interpret that in two ways, the first being that they didn't really exist a decade ago, and are now beating out some old heavyweights like J.C. Penny's and Burger King. On the other hand, it is interesting that the world's biggest online retailer is only #15, though to be fair just about every retailer these days is an online retailer to some degree. Still, brick and mortar retail certainly isn't dead yet.

Southern Nevada's latest retail numbers, for the second quarter of 2012, are now available to download and enjoy (if you're into that sort of thing). Here's an excerpt:

 We can happily report that our predictions for the second quarter of 2012 concerning the retail market were wrong, as retail turned in a surprisingly strong quarter. Even without new construction to bolster it, net absorption of retail space was not only positive, but surpassed net absorption in the first quarter of 2012 if one discounts net absorption from new completions. Vacancy declined to 11.1 percent in the second quarter of 2012, 0.6 points lower than one year ago. Asking rents for retail space increased this quarter to $1.40 per square foot (psf) per month on a triple net (NNN) basis, though they remain lower than they were one year ago.

Obsolesence ... My New Favorite Word

Hey, the reporters seem to like it, and I like attention. What can I say?

Actually, obsolescence in commercial real estate could be Las Vegas' friend. I stress "could be". Southern Nevada took a major hit in the past decade in the form of construction employment.

Ouch!

Yes, letting the construction line actually drop off the graph was a bit dramatic of me, but without doing it the other lines flatten out quite a bit. What we see here is the Southern Nevada job market split into three categories - Construction, Leisure & Hospitality (L/H) and "All Other Sectors (AOS). Since the beginning of the current recession, job losses in L/H have leveled and are now recovering. Normally, we would expect to see jobs in AOS begin to do same after a couple quarters ... but we're not. Why? Perhaps it is because construction jobs have not just fallen off, they have fallen well below where they were before the boom, and they aren't done falling yet (though they did level off quite a bit). Construction jobs pay pretty well, and might have had a bigger impact on AOS than L/H.

This is why obsolescence could be a good thing.

As we currently stand, given the vast amount of vacant space on the market, and given the slow employment growth and thus slow growth in demand for that vacant real estate, getting the market back to a place where it would normally be rational to build could take a very long time.

That's a lot of years of supply!

Obsolescence, however, offers the proposition that some product in the Valley will simply remain vacant for a long time without negatively impacting the market going foward.

What are the signs of obsolescence? Well, the age of a building doesn't seem to be a major factor, at least not yet.

Almost as pretty as a double rainbow!

The graph above looks at the average time on the market (in months) of availabilities based on the age of the building in which those availabilities are located. The dotted lines are trend lines. While office suggests that newer is better, industrial and retail refute that, and in all three sectors buildings constructed in the past 5 years (about 20 million square feet worth, which also have the highest vacancy rates among buildings based on age categories) are among the least popular.

Some of this can be attributed to properties built during "irrational exuberance" of the boom - buildings meant to please lenders more than tenants.

The obsolescence that Southern Nevada is now facing is largely a matter of a disconnect between what prospective tenants want, and what we have available on the market. Just as there is a disconnect between available jobs and the skills of available jobless, the product that could be moving rather well right now is space we do not have. As a result, Southern Nevada is losing some business to other markets, and those companies that want to be here badly enough are going the route of build-to-suit. Land costs are quite low, as are construction costs, and the idea of designing a building seems to have caught on with a few industrial users, though BTS will probably not be as prominent in office and retail.

BTS projects are not, of course, going to turn the construction sector around - that's going to take a resurgence of the residential market. On the other hand, the construction sector can use all the help it can get.

Don't Page the Fat Lady Just Yet

The last couple months of 2011 were a bit sobering. After those heady days of mediocre growth in mid-2011, Southern Nevada was once again reminded that the post-recession hangover wasn’t over just yet.

In January, the slide in our Recovery Index ended, and the index has sat at 89 for two months now. Flat, but marginally better than December and a clear improvement over Jan/Feb of 2011, 2010 and 2009. Unfortunately, the index is about 10 points lower than it was in Jan/Feb 2008 (when the recession essentially began).

The bright spots in February 2012 was the fact that almost all of the components of the Recovery Index were up year-over-year, with the big boosts being in New Residents (very important for the local economy), Gaming Revenue and Taxable Sales (is retail ready for some growth?) Only one measure was flat – Commercial Occupancy – which is linked to Employment, which was only up 1 point (or 2,200 jobs) year-over-year, and most of those jobs were in Leisure & Hospitality, not in industries related more directly to the occupancy of commercial space.

The good news is that the local economy is, in a slow, measured way, improving. The not-so-good news is that it could still be a while before we really see that improvement in commercial real estate. Jobs is the thing (I might have mentioned that about 3,000 times since 2007), and right now we’re waiting for jobs in the Resort corridor to translate into jobs in the suburbs. The best model I could construct suggests that we should already be seeing that suburban job creation – the lag should be about 6-9 months and hotel/gaming employment began rising about mid-2011. The fact that we’re not suggests that Southern Nevada, like the United States in general, is experiencing a drop in labor force participation related not only to the Great Recession, but to long-term demographic trends and a skill set mismatch between unemployed workers and available jobs.

Demographically speaking, we could be seeing an ebb in the tide of of “two-worker” households. Much of the decline in labor force participation is in the male demographic, so it could be that women are simply displacing men in the job market now, rather than supplementing them. More worrisome is the extension of “childhood” (i.e. living at home and playing video games) into the mid- to late 20’s. A similar phenomenon can be seen in Japan and Europe, and this lack of productivity in the young does present a major problem for nations that seek to redistribute wealth from the young to the old. It might also represent a rational decision by the young, who don’t see much benefit from participating in a society that redistributes money from young folks in the bottom quintile of earners to old folks in the upper quintiles of earners.

The Employment Coaster ... Buckle Up Vegas

Just thought I would share this graph with you. It shows total employment in all industries (blue bars) in the Las Vegas MSA from 2010 to Feb 2012. According the NDETR, the Las Vegas MSA has lost about 21,000 jobs since Nov 2011. Under most circumstances, this would be worrisome, especially when combined with the weakness experienced in commercial real estate since the third quarter of 2011, but given the weird, bumpy trend we’ve seen over the last couple of years, I’m not so sure. A simple linear trend line (in black) shows that employment is gradually rising, and the series of peaks and troughs might just be an artifact of the process used by NDETR to gather the job numbers. The red line represents net absorption of industrial, office and retail combined. This graph suggests that the trend will be higher net absorption and employment by mid-year. Let’s hope there’s some truth to that.

Click to increase size

A Closer Look at January's Vegas Jobs Report

When I compiled the draft numbers for our first quarter reports last week, I was a bit stunned. I had been expecting a weak quarter, but not that weak. Now that I’ve seen the new employment numbers from the Nevada Department of Training, Education and Rehabilitation, I’m not so shocked.

I’ve seen some stories touting the drop in the unemployment rate, but a real delve into the numbers reveals a job market that started the year off by shrinking, with weak numbers across the board, not just in retail where one might expect a drop after the temporary hires for the holiday season.

For Las Vegas, the traditional important numbers have been Leisure & Hospitality - the engine of growth - Construction and Retail. Those are the meat and potatoes.

Leisure & Hospitality (L&H) saw a big boost in employment towards the end of last year which boded well for some more substantial recovery in mid- to late 2012, as those new jobs increased hiring in the wider retail sector, which creates jobs in other sectors, etc. Along come the January 2012 numbers and we see L&H taking a slight breather and giving back a few jobs. Until we see some February numbers float by, we can't call this a trend, but a continuation of the boost would have been more welcome.

Construction is an old story by now, fit for a VH1 Behind the Music episode. A meteoric rise as cheap money drove people into new homes and then an equally meteoric fall in 2008. The last few months, however, have seen the fall become less meteoric, and there were even a couple months in there where month-over-month construction employment increased. And then, once again, we see January numbers and we're back to the bad old days. Again, we can't call this a trend, but it's a painful development when one's optimism was just beginning to return.

The employment sectors that are most important to commercial real estate were universally bad when looking at quarter-over-quarter numbers (okay, except for Wholesale) ...

But not entirely bad when looking at year-over-year numbers, with Retail showing some strength, along with Transportation & Warehousing (linked with retail sales), Wholesale (linked with retail sales) and Manufacturing. The office sector is getting killed, though, and a cessation of growth in the Healthcare sector is a little distressing.

Still, when you look at the employment index (Jan 2006 = 100), you really don't see a recovery you can write home about.

As I’ve said many times, jobs and net absorption are tied pretty close, as this graph illustrates.

All in all, not the best way to start a year that already has some significant headwinds to throw against our sails. Let's see what February's numbers teach us.

Hot & Cold - Mapping Asking Rents in Southern Nevada

My project today was to map asking rents in Southern Nevada using a rent index.

Click for a larger map

The key with rents, of course, is that are highly variable between different product types. While Class A Office product can pull in $3.00 per square foot (psf) on a monthly basis, warehouse pulls in maybe $0.30 psf. To smooth out the differences, I decided to index asking rents for each product type based on the weighted average for that product type in the fourth quarter of 2011. Thus, a warehouse space that was asking the same as the average asking rent for warehouse would be indexed as a "1"; anything asking more would have an index number of higher than 1 and anything lower would have an index number lower than 1. By indexing the availabilities in the database, I can compare different product types on the map above.

The map above ignores anything at or near an average asking price. For the purposes of this map, they are just added noise. Screening them out, we can see some regions of Southern Nevada in terms of how much landlords are asking for rent.

The highest asking rental rates appear to wrap around the west and south portions of the Valley, while lower asking rents predominate in the east, center and north portions. This makes sense. The west and south feature newer construction, while the center and east feature older construction. One might deduce from this map, then, that newer properties command higher rents than older properties, and perhaps they are right. Then again, perhaps they are wrong.

The values on this map are based on "asking" rents, not actual rents. The proof in the pudding is in the taste, and the proof in the asking rents is in the absorption. The question, then, is this: Are those high asking rates scaring prospective tenants away, or are tenants still willing to pay more for the more expensive, newer buildings?

On a submarket basis, combining office, industrial and retail properties, net absorption in 2011 broke down as follows:

Positive Net Absorption (2011 YTD): Airport (197,000 SF), Downtown (325,000 SF), Henderson (234,000 SF), Northwest (31,000 SF), Southwest (342,000 SF)

Negative Net Absorption (2011 YTD): East Las Vegas (-263,000 SF), North Las Vegas (-386,000 SF), West/Central (-294,000 SF)

Lo and behold, we're seeing more positive net absorption in the expensive parts of town than in the inexpensive parts of town. Two exceptions pop out, though. Downtown is seeing big positive net absorption in a fairly reasonably priced part of town, but much of this is due to the completion of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department's new headquarters, which is owned by a private development entity and leased to the LVMPD. The other exception seems to be the Northwest submarket - pretty expensive, but fairly weak net absorption. This, however, may be more of a case of zombie properties, in particular office product owned by General Growth Properties, being unable to compete with other product for tenants.

In the near term, pricing still seems to be a major concern of businesses. There's still plenty of recession to go around, and everybody wants to make it through to the other side. Still, location and age of product clearly play a role in the desirability of space, and though newer properties are more expensive than average, they are still quite affordable compared to rates they were asking two or three years ago. Apparently, tenants are taking the opportunity to move up in the world.

The Winter of Our Discontent

For the past three months, the arrow has been pointing down on my Southern Nevada CRE Index, indicating a chilling of the economic climate in Southern Nevada since things ramped up a bit in mid-2011. While most measures still look pretty good when compared to one year ago, the index seems to be predicting at least one, maybe two quarters of lackluster performance for commercial real estate.

Looking at 3-month rolling averages in December on a year-over-year basis, we find the New Home Sales are flat (and disappointing), as is commercial occupancy (effectively flat since Jun 2010). All other measures show improvement year-over-year, with the biggest improvements being in the Gaming Revenue Index (3 point climb), New Residents Index (5 point climb) and Taxable Sales Index (7 point climb).

So, where are the jobs? Although the economy is moving now, it doesn’t appear to be hitting escape velocity. The Employment Index was up by one point, but remains in the same range it has been in since July of 2009. No major drop, but no real climb.

Of course, not all employment sectors are experiencing the same distress. On a year-over-year basis, the Financial Activities sector has taken over the top spot in job losses from Construction, which, by the way, is back to being a “job loser” after showing a little pickup in mid-2011. Wholesale and Manufacturing have also gone over to the dark side, leaving the immediate future of the industrial market looking gloomy. Retail is flat in terms of jobs – and this is a key sector, given how much the economy depends on consumer spending. Retail showed some improvement last year in terms of jobs, but the fourth quarter – the big holiday quarter – was flat, and that leaves 2012 in question. On the office side, the aforementioned trouble in the Financial Activities sector is evened out with job gains in Professional & Business Services and Health Care & Social Assistance. Office might not have too bad a quarter to kick off 2012, but it won’t be anything to write home about.

At the moment (and given how the numbers bounce around, "at the moment" is the best I can do prediction-wise), I predict a poor showing in the first quarter of 2012, with perhaps a slight improvement in the second quarter to give commercial real estate a fairly “meh” first half of 2012. While there has been some crowing over the “improving” job numbers nationally, the fact is that fewer people are working and incomes are not on the rise. Much of the nation’s success has been in the manufacturing sector from, believe it or not, exports. Given the fragile international economy and potential problems in Europe, China and Japan, a manufacturing export economy does not appear to provide a stable foundation for predicting good times ahead. The second half of 2012 may be an improvement over the first half, or it may be its identical twin. If you’re in the market to buy good properties and hold them, you’re probably okay. If you’re a landlord looking for a speedy resolution to your problems, you’re probably out of luck. If you’re a tenant, the market is still yours, and though a few properties have seen their asking rents rise, the majority are still struggling.